Evaluation of a Herbal Toothpaste Formulation with the Addition of Nginang Ingredients as an Antimicrobial Agent Against Streptococcus mutans
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33394/bioscientist.v14i1.19796Keywords:
Herbal toothpaste, Piper betle, Uncaria gambir, Areca catechu L., Streptococcus mutansAbstract
This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of herbal toothpaste formulations containing betel leaf (Piper betle L.) extract against Streptococcus mutans and to evaluate the physical characteristics of the resulting preparations. The research employed a laboratory experimental design with variations in betel leaf extract concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%, each conducted in four replicates. The analyses included phytochemical screening, antimicrobial activity testing using the disc diffusion method, and evaluation of the toothpaste preparations, including pH measurement, organoleptic assessment, homogeneity testing, foam formation analysis, and viscosity determination. The results of the phytochemical screening indicated that the betel leaf extract positively contained triterpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids. The antimicrobial activity test demonstrated that the betel leaf extract produced average inhibition zones of 16.4 mm, 22.7 mm, and 25.6 mm at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%, respectively. The evaluation of the toothpaste formulations showed pH values ranging from 8.04 to 8.42, which fall within the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) range of 4.5–10.5. The preparations exhibited a semi-solid and homogeneous texture, with the highest foam height of 20.6 mm observed at the 15% extract concentration, and viscosity values within the required acceptable range. In conclusion, the herbal toothpaste formulation containing betel leaf extract demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and met the required physical parameters for toothpaste preparations. Therefore, it has potential to be developed as an alternative herbal toothpaste based on traditional natural ingredients suitable for oral health applications.
References
Afni, N., Said, N., & Yuliet, Y. (2015). Uji aktivitas antibakteri pasta gigi ekstrak biji pinang (Areca catechu L.) terhadap Streptococcus mutans dan Staphylococcus aureus. Jurnal Farmasi Galenika, 1(1), 48–58.
Anggraini, T., Tai, A., Yoshino, T., & Itani, T. (2019). Antioxidative activity and catechin content of four kinds of Uncaria gambir extracts from West Sumatra, Indonesia. African Journal of Biochemistry Research, 5(1), 33–38.
Balouiri, M., Sadiki, M., & Ibnsouda, S. K. (2016). Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 6(2), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2015.11.005
Chakraborty, D., & Shah, B. (2011). Antimicrobial, antioxidative and antihemolytic activity of Piper betle leaf extracts. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 133(2), 753–760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.009
Dewi, S. T. R., Salim, H., & Karim, D. (2020). Efek pemberian perasan bawang putih lanang (Allium sativum L.) terhadap daya hambat pertumbuhan Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, dan Propionibacterium acnes. Media Farmasi, 16.
Faizah, A., Suparno, R., & Faza, M. A. (2024). The influence of mouthwash with habbatussauda extract (Nigella sativa) in inhibiting the growth of Streptococcus mutans bacteria (in vitro). Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Sciences, 7(8), 1033–1042.
GBD 2019 Oral Disorders Collaborators. (2020). Global, regional, and national levels and trends in burden of oral conditions from 1990 to 2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study. The Lancet Public Health, 5(11), e618–e630. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30177-8
Handayani, F., Sundu, R., & Sari, R. M. (2017). Formulasi dan uji aktivitas antibakteri Streptococcus mutans dari sediaan mouthwash ekstrak daun jambu biji (Psidium guajava L.). Jurnal Sains dan Kesehatan, 1(8).
Hayati, R., Sari, A., & Handayani, R. (2024). Formulation and antibacterial activity of herbal toothpaste based on Aceh traditional medicine. Medical Sains: Jurnal Ilmiah Kefarmasian, 9(1), 121–128.
Huang, Y. L., Tsai, Y. H., Chow, C. J., & Wang, Y. C. (2010). Antimicrobial activity of Areca catechu L. seed extracts against oral pathogens. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 4(10), 987–992.
Jones, C. G. (1997). Chlorhexidine: Is it still the gold standard? Periodontology 2000, 15(1), 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.1997.tb00105.x
Marsh, P. D. (2003). Are dental diseases examples of ecological catastrophes? Microbiology, 149(2), 279–294. https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.26082-0
Marsh, P. D., & Martin, M. V. (2016). Oral microbiology (6th ed.). Elsevier.
Mayasari, U., & Sapitri, A. (2020). Uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak daun sereh wangi terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus mutans. Klorofil: Jurnal Ilmu Biologi dan Terapan, 3(1), 15–19.
Muchtaromah, B. (2016). Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak air Allium sativum Linn., Curcuma mangga Val., dan Acorus calamus L. terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli.
Novianti, A. N., & Khusniati, M. (2022). Rekonstruksi sains asli pada tradisi menginang untuk memperkuat gigi di Desa Kadilanggon. Proceeding Seminar Nasional IPA, 40–48.
Noviasari, D. (2024). Faktor yang berhubungan dengan perilaku ibu pada anak yang mengalami karies gigi. Health Care: Jurnal Kesehatan, 13(2), 205–224.
Palombo, E. A. (2011). Traditional medicinal plant extracts and natural products with activity against oral bacteria: Potential application in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2011, Article 680354. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep067
Polontalo, M. J. H., Tampoy, S. P., & Kumaji, S. S. (2025). Formulation, evaluation, and antibacterial testing of Jatropha curcas L. gum toothpaste preparations. Journal of Health, Technology and Science, 6(3), 259–274.
Prabu, G. R., Gnanamani, A., & Sadulla, S. (2015). Guaijaverin—A plant flavonoid as potential antiplaque agent against Streptococcus mutans. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 119(6), 161–169.
Pratiwi, R. (2005). Perbedaan daya hambat terhadap Streptococcus mutans dari beberapa pasta gigi yang mengandung herbal. Majalah Kedokteran Gigi (Dental Journal), 38(2), 64–67.
Prayitno, S. A., & Utami, D. R. (2024). Identifikasi senyawa fitokimia secara kualitatif dari ekstrak etanol daun sirih merah (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav.). Journal of Herbal, Clinical and Pharmaceutical Science, 6(1), 1–9.
Prihandani, S. S. (2015). Uji daya antibakteri bawang putih (Allium sativum L.) terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa dalam meningkatkan keamanan pangan. Informatika Pertanian, 24(1), 53–58.
Rahmnah, N. (2019). Uji aktivitas antibakteri sediaan pasta gigi ekstrak etanol daun sirih hijau (Piper betle L.) terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus acidophilus, dan Staphylococcus aureus [Skripsi, Institut Kesehatan Helvetia Medan].
Saraswati, R. A., Rahmah, D. N. H., Safitri, M., Camalin, C. M. S., Putri, C. S., & Setyaningsih, E. (2019). Potensi tanaman ramuan nginang sebagai pasta gigi herbal warisan nenek moyang. Proceeding Biology Education Conference, 16(1), 288–292.
Selwitz, R. H., Ismail, A. I., & Pitts, N. B. (2007). Dental caries. The Lancet, 369(9555), 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60031-2
Suparno, N. R., Putri, C. S., & Camalin, C. M. S. (2021). Pasta gigi ekstrak etanol daun sirih, biji pinang, gambir terhadap hambatan bakteri Pseudomonas aeruginosa. JIKG (Jurnal Ilmu Kedokteran Gigi), 3(2).
Sutana, I. G., Sinarsari, N. M., & Dwipayana, A. A. P. (2021). Nginang: Kebiasaan masyarakat tradisional dalam memelihara kesehatan gigi dan mulut. Jurnal Yoga dan Kesehatan, 4(2), 123–135.
Syafitri, E., Afriani, D. T., Siregar, B., & Gustiawan, Y. (2020). Kandungan fitokimia dan uji aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak daun. Jurnal Riset Akuakultur, 15(4), 253–259.
Takahashi, N., & Nyvad, B. (2011). The role of bacteria in the caries process: Ecological perspectives. Journal of Dental Research, 90(3), 294–303. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034510379602
Ventola, C. L. (2015). The antibiotic resistance crisis: Part 1: Causes and threats. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 40(4), 277–283.
Wahyuni, R., & Fitria, K. T. (2024). Formulation and stability of gel toothpaste with sungkai leaf (Peronema canescens Jack) extract and Na-CMC gelling agent. Jurnal Riset Kesehatan, 13(2), 160–168.
Widyastuti, W., Fantari, H. R., Putri, V. R., & Pertiwi, I. (2019). Formulasi pasta gigi ekstrak kulit jeruk (Citrus sp.) dan daun mint (Mentha piperita L.) serta aktivitas terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans. Jurnal Pharmascience, 6(2), 111–119.
World Health Organization. (2022). Global oral health status report: Towards universal health coverage for oral health by 2030. World Health Organization.
Yuliastri, W. O., & Prasetyo, M. (2019). Formulasi pasta gigi herbal ekstrak daun sukun (Artocarpus altilis) dan uji aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri Streptococcus mutans. Jurnal Mandala Pharmacon Indonesia, 5(1), 10–14.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Khazari Noorin Husna Ibrahim, Rasyidah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
