Initials Abbreviation Online First Frequency DOI E-ISSN P-ISSN Editor in Chief Managing Editor Email Published by Citation Analysis Editorial Address BJIB Bioscientist j. ilm. bosbiol. June 2013 4 Issues per Year (March, June, September, December) Prefix 10.33394 by 2654-4571 2338-5006 Ika Nurani Dewi Agus Muliadi | Taufik Samsuri bioscientist@undikma.ac.id Mandalika University of Education Dimensions | Google Scholar Pemuda Street No. 59A, Catur Building Floor I, Mataram City, West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. Bioscientist : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi, managed and published by the Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, Mandalika University of Education, Indonesia.
Department of Biology Education, FSTT, Mandalika University of Education, Indonesia.
Potential of Basil Seed (Ocimum basilicum) Simplicia as a Feed Supplement on the Histomorphometry and Muscle Damage of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Exposed to Polystyrene Microplastics
This study aimed to evaluate the potential of basil seed simplicia supplementation in feed to mitigate histomorphometric alterations and muscle damage in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to polystyrene (PS) microplastics. The experiment employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of five treatments: C (0 mg/L PS microplastics + 0% basil seed simplicia), PC (0 mg/L PS microplastics + 2% basil seed simplicia), NC (100 mg/L PS microplastics + 0% basil seed simplicia), T1 (100 mg/L PS microplastics + 2% basil seed simplicia), and T2 (100 mg/L PS microplastics + 4% basil seed simplicia). A total of 125 catfish were exposed to microplastics for 15 days. The observed parameters included myofiber diameter, myofiber area, muscle degeneration, and necrosis. The results indicated that exposure to PS microplastics significantly decreased myofiber diameter and area while increasing the levels of muscle cell degeneration and necrosis (P < 0.05). Supplementation with 2% basil seed simplicia (T1) significantly improved myofiber diameter and area and reduced muscle degeneration and necrosis compared with the negative control (NC), whereas supplementation with 4% basil seed simplicia (T2) showed relatively lower effectiveness. These findings suggest that supplementation of 2% basil seed simplicia in feed has the potential to mitigate histomorphometric alterations and muscle tissue damage in catfish exposed to polystyrene microplastics.
Copyright (c) 2026 Iga Novianti, Nurul Suwartiningsih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Inventory of Medicinal Plants Used by the Community of Rano Village, Balaesang Tanjung District, and Their Potential as Biology Learning Media
This study aims to inventory the plant species utilized by the local community as medicinal resources in Rano Village, Balaesang Tanjung Sub-district, and to examine their potential use as instructional learning media. The study employed a descriptive research design with a qualitative approach. Primary data were collected directly through interviews and field observations using a survey method with purposive sampling. Data collection techniques included direct observation, community interviews, and documentation of field findings. In the local context, a traditional healer (sando) plays a significant role as a key informant due to their extensive knowledge regarding the identification and use of medicinal plants. The results of the study revealed that the community utilizes 22 species of medicinal plants belonging to 14 plant families to treat various ailments, including rheumatism, asthma, hypertension, itching, scabies, cough, influenza, and several other health conditions. The plant parts used include leaves, stems, fruits, roots, bark, shoots, sap, and in some cases the entire plant. The preparation and utilization methods commonly practiced by the community include pounding, boiling, topical application, and direct consumption. Based on these findings, the documented information on medicinal plant utilization has strong potential to be developed as instructional media in the form of an educational e-book to support biology learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nunink, I Nengah Kundera, I Made Budiarsa, Musdalifah Nurdin, Vita Indri Febriani, Masrianih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Utilization of the PlantNet Application in Biology Learning and Its Impact on Senior High School Students’ Learning Retention
This study aimed to determine students’ retention levels before and after the implementation of the PlantNet application and to analyze the effect of the PlantNet application on students’ retention in biology learning at SMA Negeri 1 Aek Natas. The study employed a quantitative approach with descriptive analysis. The research participants consisted of 61 tenth-grade students, including 31 students from class X2 and 30 students from class X3. The research instruments included a questionnaire measuring students’ perceptions of the use of the PlantNet application and a retention test designed to assess short-term retention, long-term retention, and conceptual understanding. The collected data were analyzed using percentage analysis to determine the achievement level of each indicator.The results indicated that the use of the PlantNet application was categorized as very good, with the ease-of-use indicator reaching 91.7% and the usefulness in learning indicator reaching 88.8%. Regarding student retention, short-term retention reached 83.4%, long-term retention reached 84.2%, and conceptual understanding reached 84.6%, all of which were classified as good. These findings suggest that the PlantNet application is not only easy to use and beneficial for biology learning but also contributes to strengthening students’ memory retention and improving their conceptual understanding of the learning material. Therefore, the integration of the PlantNet application has strong potential to serve as an effective instructional medium for enhancing students’ retention in biology learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sepriana, Ika Chastanti, Rahmi Nazliah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Identification of Medicinal Plant Species Utilized by the Community of Tindaki Village, South Parigi District
This study aims to identify and describe the diversity of medicinal plants utilized by the community of Tindaki Village, South Parigi District, and to document their scientific names, morphological characteristics, plant parts used, and methods of preparation. The research employed a descriptive design with a qualitative approach using exploratory techniques. Data were collected through direct field observations conducted in six hamlets, structured interviews with ten informants consisting of five key informants and five supporting informants, and field documentation. Species identification was carried out through detailed observations of morphological characteristics, including roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. The identification results were subsequently verified using relevant scientific literature to ensure taxonomic accuracy. The findings revealed a total of 34 medicinal plant species belonging to 23 families and 18 orders. The plant parts most commonly utilized by the community were leaves and rhizomes, followed by fruits, roots, stems, and sap. These plants are traditionally used to treat various health conditions, including fever, cough, diarrhea, diabetes, hypertension, kidney stones, digestive disorders, and skin diseases. In conclusion, the results indicate that Tindaki Village possesses a high diversity of medicinal plants that continue to be actively utilized by the local community. Therefore, sustained conservation and systematic documentation efforts are essential to preserve this valuable ethnobotanical knowledge for future generations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Risnila Sari, Lestari M.P Alibasyah, Vita Indri Febriani, Aan Febriawan, Musdalifah Nurdin, Lilies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of Liquid Organic Fertilizer Derived from Goat Manure and Banana Peel on the Growth of Pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.) Cultivated Using a Hydroponic System
This study aimed to examine the effects of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) derived from goat manure and banana peels, applied either individually or in combination, on the growth and yield of pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.) cultivated in a hydroponic system as an alternative to the conventional AB mix nutrient solution. The experiment was conducted using a Randomized Block Design) with two treatment factors: goat manure LOF concentrations (0 ml, 30 ml, and 60 ml) and banana peel LOF concentrations (0 ml, 20 ml, and 30 ml). The observed parameters included number of leaves, plant height, leaf width, root length, and fresh weight. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at a 5% significance level to determine differences among treatments. The results showed that the best single treatment was obtained from the application of 30 ml banana peel LOF at 4 weeks after planting (WAP). Moreover, the combined treatment of 60 ml goat manure LOF and 30 ml banana peel LOF (P2K2) produced the highest and significantly superior results across all observed parameters at 4 WAP, particularly in leaf number, plant height, root length, and fresh weight. These findings indicate that the combined application of banana peel and goat manure LOF effectively enhances the growth and yield of hydroponically cultivated pakcoy. Therefore, this organic fertilizer combination has strong potential to serve as a more economical and environmentally friendly alternative nutrient source for hydroponic cultivation systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sania Nabila, M. Idris https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of Color and Photoperiod on Body Coloration and Growth of Juvenile Redclaw Crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus)
This study aimed to determine the effects of light color and photoperiod on body coloration and growth performance of juvenile redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus). A total of 144 juvenile crayfish were used in an experimental design consisting of six treatments based on two light colors (red and white LEDs) and three photoperiod regimes (6, 12, and 18 hours). The observed parameters included growth performance, survival rate, and changes in body coloration. The results showed that (1) red LED treatment with a 6-hour photoperiod produced the most optimal growth, whereas the 18-hour photoperiod treatment induced stress that led to reduced growth performance; (2) red LED treatments resulted in higher survival rates compared to white LED treatments; and (3) photoperiod significantly influenced changes in body coloration, with juveniles exhibiting blue and brown pigmentation. In conclusion, photoperiod affects affected the growth of juvenile crayfish, with red LED exposure for 6 hours representing representing the optimal condition. Differences in light color contribute to improved survival rates contributed to higher survival rates, while photoperiod plays a role in influencing body color changes played an important role in influencing changes in body coloration.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Ibnu Sina, Syukriah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Potential of the Fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) as an Endophytic Fungus for the Growth of Yardlong Bean (Vigna sinensis L.)
The main objective was to determine the effectiveness of this technique in establishing endophytic colonies and its impact on plant vegetative growth. The experiment was conducted in the laboratory and greenhouse using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) approach. We tested four levels of conidial density: control (no conidia), 1×10⁶, 1×10⁷, and 1×10⁸ conidia per mL, with each replicated five times. Parameters we observed included root and stem colonization success, plant height, and leaf number. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by a HSD test at the 5% level. The results showed that B. bassiana is able to enter and develop internally within root and stem tissues. Interestingly, the highest colonization occurred at the lowest concentration (1×10⁶ conidia per mL), with 83.3% in roots and 66.7% in stems. Although statistically, differences in concentration did not always have a significant effect on plant height and leaf number, numerically, inoculated plants showed better growth than controls, especially at 28 days after planting. From these findings, we conclude that soil application of B. bassiana is quite effective in establishing endophytic colonies without disrupting vegetative growth. In other words, this method is worth considering as part of a more environmentally friendly and sustainable pest management strategy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Raihan Naufal, Ramadhani Mahendra Kusuma, Arika Purnawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effectiveness of an Environment-Based Biodiversity Flipbook E-Module on Students’ Biology Understanding and Scientific Process Skills in Grade X of SMA Negeri 21 Medan
This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of an environment-based Biodiversity Flipbook E-Module in improving tenth-grade students’ understanding of biology and their scientific process skills at SMA Negeri 21 Medan. The study employed a one-group pretest–posttest design involving 36 students. Research instruments included a validated biology comprehension test and an observation sheet used to assess students’ scientific process skills during three environment-based learning sessions. Data were analyzed using the N-gain score and descriptive statistics. The results showed that the mean pretest score of 33.81 increased to 83.88 in the posttest, resulting in an N-gain score of 0.76, which falls into the high category. Students’ scientific process skills were classified as very good across all learning sessions and demonstrated an increasing trend during the final meeting. These findings indicate that the environment-based Biodiversity Flipbook E-Module is effective in enhancing students’ understanding of biological concepts and their scientific process skills through contextual learning grounded in real environmental exploration.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lusiana Rumapea, Masdiana Sinambela, Melva Silitonga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Characteristics of the Thinking Scale of Class X Students on the Water Cycle Material
This study aims to describe the characteristics of the systems thinking abilities of Class X students in the water cycle material across the cognitive and affective domains. The research uses a quantitative descriptive approach with a survey method. The research sample consis of 80 Class X students from SMA Negeri 10 Semarang, selected through purposive sampling. The research instruments included a multiple-choice test to measure systems thinking abilities in the cognitive domain and attitude questionnaires to measure the affective domain. The instruments were developed based on a hierarchical systems thinking framework and a systems thinking scale. The data were analyzed descriptively and tested using the Pearson Product Moment correlation. The results show that the cognitive domain systems thinking abilities are in the high category, particularly at the analysis level, where more than 70% of students reached the high category, while the synthesis and implementation levels are in the moderate category. The affective systems thinking abilities are generally in the moderate category, with percentages ranging from 52.50% to 81.25%. There is a very strong and significant relationship between the cognitive and affective domains at the same level is considered low to moderate.These findings highlight the need for more context-rich integrative learning to optimize students’ systems thinking abilities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Devi Oktaviani Safitri, Azizul Ghofar Candra Wicaksono, Prasetiyo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Degradation of Mangrove Ecosystems in Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatra: Extent of Damage, Causes, and Ecological Impacts
This study aims to examine the scale of damage, identify the contributing factors, and analyze the resulting ecological impacts. The research employed a qualitative descriptive approach through field observations, interviews with coastal communities, and a literature review. Observations were conducted to assess the biophysical condition of mangroves, including vegetation density, stand structure, species composition, and indicators of degradation. Interviews were used to gather information on mangrove utilization activities, socio-economic pressures, and community perceptions of environmental change. The literature review supported the interpretation of field findings within the context of regional and global mangrove dynamics. The results indicate that mangrove degradation in Banyuasin is driven by a complex interaction between anthropogenic factors—particularly land conversion, resource exploitation, and coastal development—and natural factors such as abrasion, sedimentation, and tidal flooding. The identified ecological impacts include a decline in coastal protection functions, reduced habitat quality for coastal biota, and decreased carbon storage capacity. The conclusion of this study emphasizes the need for an integrated coastal management strategy that incorporates ecologically appropriate rehabilitation, strengthened governance, and community participation in order to sustainably enhance the resilience of mangrove ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Mahmudi, Bakri, Rozirwan, Ridhah Taqwa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Evaluation of a Herbal Toothpaste Formulation with the Addition of Nginang Ingredients as an Antimicrobial Agent Against Streptococcus mutans
This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of herbal toothpaste formulations containing betel leaf (Piper betle L.) extract against Streptococcus mutans and to evaluate the physical characteristics of the resulting preparations. The research employed a laboratory experimental design with variations in betel leaf extract concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%, each conducted in four replicates. The analyses included phytochemical screening, antimicrobial activity testing using the disc diffusion method, and evaluation of the toothpaste preparations, including pH measurement, organoleptic assessment, homogeneity testing, foam formation analysis, and viscosity determination. The results of the phytochemical screening indicated that the betel leaf extract positively contained triterpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolic compounds, and alkaloids. The antimicrobial activity test demonstrated that the betel leaf extract produced average inhibition zones of 16.4 mm, 22.7 mm, and 25.6 mm at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%, respectively. The evaluation of the toothpaste formulations showed pH values ranging from 8.04 to 8.42, which fall within the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) range of 4.5–10.5. The preparations exhibited a semi-solid and homogeneous texture, with the highest foam height of 20.6 mm observed at the 15% extract concentration, and viscosity values within the required acceptable range. In conclusion, the herbal toothpaste formulation containing betel leaf extract demonstrated strong antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and met the required physical parameters for toothpaste preparations. Therefore, it has potential to be developed as an alternative herbal toothpaste based on traditional natural ingredients suitable for oral health applications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khazari Noorin Husna Ibrahim, Rasyidah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Comparison of the Growth and Development of Green Spinach (Amaranthus hybridus L.) under Soil Conditions from the Java and Kalimantan Regions
This study aimed to compare the growth of green spinach (Amaranthus hybridus L.) cultivated in two different soil types originating from Java and Kalimantan, and to examine the effect of soil pH on plant height. The experiment was conducted over a 21-day period (3–24 November 2025) using a comparative experimental design with a total of eight samples, consisting of four plants in each treatment group. The parameters observed included soil pH, plant height, number of leaves, leaf width, and leaf color. Environmental variables—such as light intensity, water volume, pot size, and seed quantity—were controlled to ensure consistent experimental conditions. The data were analyzed using statistical assumption tests, including the Shapiro–Wilk normality test and Levene’s homogeneity test, followed by linear regression analysis and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). The results indicated that the data were normally distributed (p = 0.328) and homogeneous (p = 0.575). Regression analysis showed that soil pH had a significant effect on plant height (p = 0.026), whereas soil type did not have a significant effect after controlling for soil pH (ANCOVA, p = 0.089). The mean difference in plant height between soils from Java and Kalimantan was 2.90 cm; however, this difference was not statistically significant. These findings suggest that the growth of green spinach—particularly plant height—is more strongly influenced by environmental factors, especially soil pH, than by differences in soil origin.
Copyright (c) 2026 Riannisa'a Shafira, Fitria Alfiyah Hastuari, Anindya Aulya Andayani, Rofina Mbale Role, Meti Indrowati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Use of PlantNet Identify for Identifying Arecaceae Family Plants in Biology Learning Among Biology Education Students at Universitas Labuhanbatu
This study aimed to examine the use of the PlantNet Identify application in identifying higher plants of the Arecaceae family in biology learning among Biology Education students at Universitas Labuhanbatu. The study employed a descriptive quantitative approach, involving 21 Biology Education students selected using a total sampling technique. The data were primary data collected through an online questionnaire distributed via Google Forms, with the use of the PlantNet Identify application as the independent variable (X) and the identification of higher plants of the Arecaceae family as the dependent variable (Y). The results of the simple linear regression analysis indicated no significant relationship between the use of the PlantNet Identify application and students’ ability to identify higher plants of the Arecaceae family, with a significance value of 0.357 (p > 0.05). The R² value further showed that the application contributed only 4.48% to students’ identification ability. These findings indicate that there is no strong correlation between the use of PlantNet Identify and students’ ability to understand plants belonging to the Arecaceae family. However, the results of this study are limited by the small sample size.
Copyright (c) 2026 Meliani Simbolon, Khairul, Novi Fitriandika Sari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of the Teams Games Tournament (TGT) Learning Model on Students’ Learning Activities and Learning Outcomes in the Topic of Viruses among Tenth-Grade Senior High School Students
This study aimed to determine the effect of the Teams Games Tournament (TGT) learning model on students’ learning activities and learning outcomes in the topic of viruses among Grade X senior high school students. The study employed a quasi-experimental method using a Non-Equivalent Control Group Design. The sample was selected through purposive sampling based on the equivalence of pretest scores, resulting in Class X-3 as the experimental group and Class X-4 as the control group, with 34 students in each class. The research instruments consisted of multiple-choice questions to measure learning outcomes and observation sheets to assess students’ learning activities. The data were analyzed using parametric statistics, including tests of normality, homogeneity, and a one-tailed independent-samples t-test (right-tailed). The results showed that the mean score of students’ learning activities in the experimental class (79.67) was higher than that in the control class (44.31), with a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05. Similarly, the mean learning outcome score in the experimental class (84.71) was higher than that in the control class (79.56), with a significance value of 0.0045 < 0.05. Therefore, the TGT learning model was effective in improving both students’ learning activities and learning outcomes in the topic of viruses for Grade X senior high school students and may serve as an alternative interactive biology teaching strategy to help students understand the abstract concept of viruses.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jessica Sonia Pasaribu, Martina Asiati Napitupulu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect of Variations in Blood Component Supplementation on the Suitability of Blood Agar Plate Media for the Growth of Salmonella typhi
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different human blood components added to Blood Agar Plate (BAP) media on the growth of Salmonella typhi O. An experimental design was employed with three treatment groups and a total of 27 replicates. Salmonella typhi O was inoculated onto BAP media containing different blood components, followed by incubation at 37°C for 24 hours. Bacterial colonies were then counted using the total plate count method. Statistical analysis was performed using the Shapiro–Wilk test and one-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni post hoc analysis. The results showed that variation in blood components significantly affected colony counts (p = 0.0001). Whole blood containing antibodies produced the lowest bacterial growth (mean 2.6 × 10⁵ CFU/mL), whereas erythrocyte suspension (1.8 × 10⁶ CFU/mL) and whole blood without antibodies (1.9 × 10⁶ CFU/mL) showed substantially higher growth and did not differ significantly from each other (p = 0.618). These findings indicate that antibodies in human blood can inhibit the growth of Salmonella typhi through complement activation, while washed erythrocytes are effective as a substitute for sheep blood. Therefore, whole blood without antibodies or erythrocyte suspension may serve as viable and effective alternatives for the preparation of BAP media in laboratories with limited access to sheep blood.
Copyright (c) 2026 Fransisca Probo Setyoningrum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Density of Clams (Polymesoda sp.) in the Mangrove Ecosystem of Pinotu Village, Toribulu District, Parigi Moutong Regency
This study aimed to assess the density of Polymesoda sp. in the mangrove ecosystem of Pinotu Village, Toribulu District, Parigi Moutong Regency, an area experiencing habitat pressure due to environmental change. A quantitative descriptive approach was applied using purposive sampling across three stations: Station 1 behind the residential area, Station 2 in the central mangrove zone, and Station 3 near shrimp ponds. Sampling was conducted at low tide using a line transect method with zigzag plots. Each station consisted of three 25 m transects spaced 10 m apart, with five 1 m² plots established along each transect, yielding a total of 45 observation plots. Environmental parameters measured included temperature, salinity, and pH. The highest density of Polymesoda sp. was recorded at Station 2 (2.93 ind/m²), followed by Station 1 (1.87 ind/m²), whereas the lowest density was observed at Station 3 (0.87 ind/m²). Differences in density were associated with habitat variation, particularly mangrove vegetation density, substrate characteristics, and environmental physical and chemical conditions. These findings indicate that more stable and better-preserved mangrove habitats support higher densities of Polymesoda sp., highlighting the importance of habitat quality in sustaining its population.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nuning Niwana, Masrianih, Moh. Sabran, Sutrisnawati, Syech Zainal, Fatmah Dhafir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Development of an Atlas of Mangrove Plant Morphology Based on the Local Potential of PPLH Puntondo Takalar as a Supplementary Teaching Material for the Plantae Topic in Grade 10 Senior High School
This study aimed to develop a mangrove plant morphology atlas based on the local potential of the Puntondo Takalar Center for Environmental Education (PPLH Puntondo Takalar) as a supplementary teaching material for the Grade 10 high school Plantae topic that meets the criteria of validity, practicality, and effectiveness. The study employed a Research and Development (R&D) method using the ADDIE model, which consists of the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation stages. The research subjects comprised 26 Grade 10 students and one biology teacher in a limited trial conducted at a senior high school in Takalar Regency. Data were collected through observation, interviews, needs analysis questionnaires, expert validation sheets, response questionnaires, and learning outcome tests. The results showed that the developed atlas included nine mangrove species identified through field observations, presented systematically based on morphological characteristics and distribution locations. The atlas was supplemented with field photographs, identification keys, distribution maps, and observation tasks that support environment-based learning and scientific literacy. Expert validation results yielded an average score of 3.6, categorized as highly valid. The practicality test indicated a positive response rate of 92% from both the teacher and students, categorized as highly practical. The effectiveness test showed that classical learning mastery reached 100%, with all students achieving scores above the minimum mastery criterion (KKM). Therefore, this mangrove plant morphology atlas based on local potential is feasible for use as a supplementary teaching material and has the potential to support contextual biology learning while enhancing students’ biodiversity literacy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nurul Akma, Ummul Hasanah, Misykat Malik Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect of Liquid Organic Fertilizer Derived from Catfish Offal Waste and Banana Pseudostems on the Growth of Curly Chili Pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. longum)
This study aimed to analyze the effect of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) derived from catfish offal waste and banana stems on the vegetative growth of curly chili (Capsicum annuum L. var. longum). The study employed an experimental method using a randomized block design (RBD) with four treatments: P0 (control), P1 (20 mL LOF/L), P2 (40 mL LOF/L), and P3 (60 mL LOF/L), each with six replications. The LOF was applied at a rate of 200 mL per plant weekly. The observed parameters included plant height, leaf number, and leaf width over a four-week period, and the data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by a post hoc test. The results showed that the LOF contained 0.08% N, 0.09% P, and 15.9 mg/L K, and had a significant effect on all measured parameters (Sig. < 0.05). Treatment P1 produced the best results, increasing plant height by 59.9%, leaf number by 43.2%, and leaf width by 21.2% compared with the control. The decline in growth at higher doses indicates the potential for phytotoxicity or nutrient imbalance. Therefore, this organic waste-based LOF was effective at low to moderate doses in enhancing the early vegetative growth of curly chili.
Copyright (c) 2026 Septika Anggraini, Anisatu Z. Wakhidah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Morphometric Description of Polistes tepidus from Ternate Island and Obi Island (Wallacea, Indonesia)
This study aimed to descriptively compare the morphometric measurements of two Polistes tepidus specimens from Ternate Island and Obi Island preserved in the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense. The research was conducted by measuring morphometric characters using a Leica Z6 APO microscope and L.A.S. 4.13 software. The observed characters included the head, thorax, wings, and metasoma, which were measured from three viewing angles: frontal, lateral, and dorsal. A total of 33 morphometric characters of the paper wasp were examined, and the mean measurements were analyzed using Microsoft Excel. The results showed that the morphometric measurements of P. tepidus from the two different locations, Ternate Island and Obi Island, exhibited size variation in several body characters. In general, P. tepidus individuals from Ternate Island had larger body sizes than those from Obi Island for most morphometric characters. Habitats with abundant food resources may allow individuals to develop larger body sizes. The morphometric differences between P. tepidus from Ternate and Obi Islands may also be explained by the effects of geographic isolation and the differing ecological conditions of the two islands. The islands of the Wallacea region are known for their high environmental heterogeneity, and insect populations therefore often exhibit morphological differences among regions. These findings highlight the need for broader sampling to further test geographic differentiation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Wahyu Agung Bintoro, Hari Nugroho, Purwatiningsih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used by Communities in Bou Village, Sojol District, Donggala Regency
This study aimed to identify and document the medicinal plant species utilized by the community in Bou Village, Sojol District, Donggala Regency, including their methods of preparation, the plant parts used, and the types of diseases treated. This research employed a qualitative descriptive design using the snowball sampling method. Data were collected through field observations, unstructured interviews with six informants who possessed traditional knowledge of medicinal plants, and direct documentation. The data were analyzed descriptively using a qualitative approach by describing the medicinal plant species identified, including their local names, scientific names, families, parts used, therapeutic uses, and methods of preparation. The results showed that 24 medicinal plant species belonging to 18 families were used to treat various ailments, most commonly fever, digestive disorders, urinary tract infections, coughs, and others. Leaves were the plant part most frequently used, while boiling was the most common method of preparation. This study highlights the importance of preserving local communities’ traditional knowledge regarding the use of medicinal plants as a form of local wisdom that has been passed down from generation to generation and should be sustainably maintained.
Copyright (c) 2026 Amelia Sry Utami, Fatmah Dhafir, Musdalifah Nurdin, Lestari M. P. Alibasyah, I Made Budiarsa, Vita Indri Febriani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Purple Yam (Dioscorea alata) Tuber Improves the Histological Appearance of the Ampulla of the Uterine Tube in a Mouse Model of Endometriosis
This study aimed to examine the effect of Dioscorea alata ethanol extract (EEDA) on the histological features of the ampulla of the uterine tube in a mouse model of endometriosis. This was a true experimental study with a posttest-only control group design using 30 mice divided into six groups: a normal control group (K), a negative control group (KN) induced with endometriosis, a positive control group (KP) induced with endometriosis and treated with letrozole, and three treatment groups induced with endometriosis and administered EEDA at doses of 50, 250, and 500 mg/kg body weight. The observed parameters included inflammatory cell infiltration, epithelial damage, and fibrosis. Data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test for normality, which showed that the data were not normally distributed; therefore, the nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test followed by the Mann–Whitney post hoc test was applied. The results showed that the KN group had the highest scores for inflammatory cell infiltration, epithelial damage, and fibrosis (p < 0.05). Administration of EEDA significantly reduced all three parameters compared with the KN group (p < 0.05), with histological improvement increasing in a dose-dependent manner and the most optimal dose observed at 500 mg/kg body weight. It can be concluded that Dioscorea alata ethanol extract may improve the histological features of the ampulla of the uterine tube through anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic mechanisms at an optimal dose of 500 mg/kg body weight; however, the specific molecular mechanisms still require further verification. These findings indicate the potential of Dioscorea alata ethanol extract as a candidate herbal-based alternative therapy in an experimental model of endometriosis.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sri Nabawiyati Nurul Makiyah, Sherly Usman, Rabiatul Adawiyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Optimization of Aloe vera as a Natural Plant Growth Regulator to Enhance the Growth of Dendrobium Orchid ‘Arif’
This study aimed to analyze the effects of different concentrations of Aloe vera as a natural plant growth regulator (PGR) on the growth of Dendrobium ‘Arif’ orchids. The observed parameters included root length, stem height, and shoot height as indicators of vegetative growth. The experiment employed a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments: a control (0%) and Aloe vera extract at concentrations of 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%, each with three replicates. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey’s HSD test at a 5% significance level. The results showed that Aloe vera had a significant effect on stem height (F = 2.712; p = 0.043) and root length (F = 5.896; p = 0.001), but no significant effect on shoot height (F = 0.359; p = 0.836). The 5% concentration produced the highest mean stem height (8.00 cm), exceeding that of the control (6.94 cm), 1% (6.89 cm), 3% (6.39 cm), and 7% (6.83 cm). For root length, the 5% concentration also yielded the highest value (8.98 cm), compared with 1% (7.76 cm), the control (6.40 cm), 7% (5.95 cm), and 3% (4.56 cm), and differed significantly according to Tukey’s HSD test. The non-significant response in shoot height suggests differences in physiological sensitivity among plant organs, with roots and stems being more responsive to auxins and gibberellins present in Aloe vera. Overall, Aloe vera extract shows potential as a natural PGR to support the vegetative growth of Dendrobium orchids, particularly in root and stem development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Imarotul Umamah, Endah Rita Sulistya Dewi, Praptining Rahayu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effects of Different Aquaponic System Designs (NFT and DWC) on Water Quality, Growth, and Survival of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different aquaponic system designs, namely Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) and Deep Water Culture (DWC), on water quality, growth, survival rate, and feed efficiency of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The experiment was conducted for 30 days in the Wet Laboratory of the Aquaculture Study Program, Faculty of Fisheries, Dharmawangsa University, using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three treatments and three replicates: control (without hydroponics), DWC, and NFT. The observed parameters included absolute weight gain, absolute length gain, specific growth rate (SGR), survival rate (SR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and water quality (temperature and pH). Data were analyzed using ANOVA at a 95% confidence level (α = 0.05). The results showed that differences in aquaponic system design had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the growth and survival of Nile tilapia. The DWC treatment produced the highest absolute weight gain of 8.5 g with a survival rate of 100%, whereas the NFT system resulted in a weight gain of 5.8 g with a survival rate of 80%. The lowest FCR was recorded in the DWC system (1.00), compared with NFT (1.07) and the control (1.25). Water quality remained within the optimal range throughout the study, with temperatures of 26–31°C and pH values of 6.6–7.2. It can be concluded that the DWC system was more effective than the NFT system and the control in improving the growth and survival of Nile tilapia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kaisa Alhani Lubis, Bambang Hendra Siswoyo, Dwi Tika Afriani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
The Effect of Nutrition Education on Students’ Breakfast Habits and Academic Achievement at SMA Negeri 1 Sausu
This study aimed to examine the effect of nutrition education on students’ breakfast habits and learning outcomes at SMA Negeri 1 Sausu, while also highlighting its role in promoting healthier breakfast behaviors among students. The study employed a quantitative approach using a one-group pretest-posttest design. The participants were 23 tenth-grade students selected through total sampling. Data were collected using questionnaires to assess students’ breakfast habits before and after the intervention, as well as documentation of students’ learning outcomes. Data were analyzed using descriptive quantitative analysis through mean scores, score improvement, and N-gain values. The results showed that the mean breakfast habit score increased from 40.09 in the pretest to 48.43 in the posttest, with an N-gain of 0.14, which was categorized as low. In addition, the mean learning outcome score increased from 77.30 before the intervention to 80.17 after the intervention, with an N-gain of 0.13, also categorized as low. These findings indicate that nutrition education contributed positively to improvements in students’ breakfast habits and learning outcomes, although the level of effectiveness remained low. Therefore, nutrition education has the potential to serve as a promotive and preventive strategy for fostering healthy breakfast behaviors and supporting academic improvement, provided that it is implemented continuously and supported by both the family and the school environment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ni Luh Indrianti, Lilies, Abd. Hakim Laenggeng, Fatmah Dhafir, Syech Zainal, Musdalifah Nurdin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analysis of the Abundance and Morphological Characteristics of Airborne Microorganisms in an Environmental Engineering Laboratory
This study aimed to analyze the abundance and morphology of airborne microorganisms in the Environmental Engineering Laboratory and to relate their distribution to differences in room conditions and sampling time. Sampling was conducted in two rooms, Room A and Room B, during the morning and afternoon using a microbiological air sampler with Nutrient Agar (NA), Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), and Plate Count Agar (PCA) media. Statistical analysis showed that room conditions strongly influenced the distribution of airborne microorganisms and were also affected by indoor airflow patterns. The findings revealed higher concentrations in Room B than in Room A (morning averages: 60.75 vs. 23.75 CFU/m³; afternoon averages: 44.5 vs. 24.25 CFU/m³), with a statistically significant difference (Mann–Whitney, p-value < 0.05). These results indicate that optimizing airflow direction, scheduling cleaning activities, and conducting routine bioaerosol monitoring are necessary as indicators of control performance. Morphological analysis identified Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus and Bacillus, as well as fungi such as Aspergillus and Trichoderma, all of which may affect health and indoor air quality. This study underscores the importance of laboratory indoor air quality management in reducing health risks associated with airborne microorganisms.
Copyright (c) 2026 Diah Ayu Prawitasari, Rina Isnikarita, Annisa Nur Lathifa, Suphia Rahmawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effect of Supplementing Feed with Kepok Banana Peel Extract (Musa balbisiana Colla) on the Growth and Survival Rate of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fry
This study aimed to analyze the effect of kepok banana peel extract (Musa balbisiana Colla) as a feed additive on the growth and survival of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry, as well as to identify the optimum dosage. The study was motivated by the high cost of feed and the underutilization of agricultural waste as a functional feed ingredient. An experimental method employing a completely randomized design (CRD) was used, consisting of four treatments and three replicates: feed without extract (control) and feed supplemented with kepok banana peel extract at doses of 150, 200, and 250 g/kg feed. The experiment involved 12 experimental units stocked with Nile tilapia fry with an initial average size of ±3 cm and reared for 28 days. The observed parameters included absolute weight gain, absolute length gain, and survival rate. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the least significant difference (LSD) test at the 5% significance level. The results showed that supplementation with kepok banana peel extract had a highly significant effect (P<0.01), indicating that the treatments produced statistically significant differences at a 99% confidence level. Further analysis revealed that each treatment differed significantly, with growth increasing in line with increasing extract dosage. The treatment at a dose of 25% per kg feed produced the highest growth, with an absolute weight gain of 5.43 g, an absolute length gain of 4.43 cm, and a survival rate of 86.6%. Water quality remained within the optimal range throughout the study. These findings indicate that kepok banana peel extract has potential as a natural feed additive that supports waste utilization and the sustainability of Nile tilapia aquaculture.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Putih Rahmatillah, Emmy Syafitri, Dwi Tika Afriani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Community Structure of Fiddler Crabs (Uca) in the Mangrove Ecosystem of Lalombi Village, South Banawa District, Donggala Regency
This study aimed to analyze the community structure of fiddler crabs (Uca) in the mangrove ecosystem of Lalombi Village, South Banawa District, Donggala Regency, and to utilize the research findings as instructional media in the form of a flipbook. This ecological study employed a quantitative descriptive approach based on community structure analysis, with samples collected using purposive sampling. The parameters analyzed included species composition, density, the Shannon–Wiener diversity index, the Simpson dominance index, and the evenness index, along with environmental variables such as temperature, salinity, pH, and substrate type. The results showed that the fiddler crab community in the mangrove ecosystem of Lalombi Village consisted of five species, namely Uca annulipes, Uca lactea, Uca forcipata, Uca tetragonon, and Uca dussumieri. Abundance varied across sampling stations, and the overall diversity level was classified as low to moderate. The occurrence frequency of these five fiddler crab species was very low. The recorded densities were 6 ind/m² for Uca annulipes, 3 ind/m² for Uca lactea, 5 ind/m² for Uca forcipata, 7 ind/m² for Uca tetragonon, and 3 ind/m² for Uca dussumieri, with a low dominance index. The environmental physicochemical conditions recorded for fiddler crab habitat were a temperature of 30°C, water pH of 8.25, salinity of 31, and a muddy substrate type. Overall, the fiddler crab community structure in the mangrove ecosystem of Lalombi Village was relatively stable, characterized by low to moderate diversity, low dominance, and a clumped distribution pattern influenced by substrate conditions and mangrove density.
Copyright (c) 2026 Berlinda Austin Paliwan, Bustamin, Abd. Rauf, Syech Zainal, Moh Sabran, Raya Agni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Patterns of Medicinal Plant Use in Traditional Healing Practices in Semerap, Kerinci Regency
This study aimed to identify the medicinal plant species utilized by the community, describe the plant parts used along with their processing techniques, and examine the implications for preserving the associated local wisdom. The study employed a descriptive qualitative approach using observation and in-depth interviews with five key informants selected purposively, including community leaders and traditional practitioners. The sample size was determined based on the principle of data saturation, which was reached when interviews no longer generated new information or themes relevant to the research focus. Data were analyzed using thematic procedures consisting of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings showed that the people of Semerap Village use a variety of medicinal plant species, with a clear preference for leaves over other parts such as rhizomes, fruits, and bark. The most commonly applied preparation method was decoction (boiling) for oral consumption, followed by topical application through pounding. In addition, traditional healing practices integrated herbal remedies with spiritual modalities, such as prayer or ruqyah, reflecting the local belief system. These plants were used to treat a wide range of health conditions, from minor ailments to chronic diseases. This study provides crucial documentation of local ethnobotanical knowledge, enriching regional data while supporting community-based efforts to conserve traditional knowledge.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lucya Audini Lorensa, M. Eval Setiawan, Emayulia Sastria, Hendra Lardiman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effects of Garlic (Allium sativum) Extract on the Growth and Survival of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fingerlings at High Stocking Density
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of garlic extract supplementation as an immunostimulant and feed additive on the survival of Nile tilapia fry reared in an intensive aquaculture system under high stocking density, and to determine the most effective dosage. The study employed an experimental method using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of four treatments with three replicates: no extract, 5 g/kg, 10 g/kg, and 15 g/kg of feed administered over a 28-day rearing period. The primary parameter observed was survival rate, supported by growth data. Data were analyzed using ANOVA at a 95% confidence level, followed by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test. The results showed that garlic extract supplementation improved survival compared with the control, with values of 53.3%, 61.7%, 70.0%, and 65.0%, respectively. The treatment with 10 g/kg feed produced the highest and most optimal survival rate. A higher dose did not result in further improvement, presumably because of reduced feed palatability and the physiological response of the fish. It can be concluded that garlic extract supplementation significantly affected the performance of Nile tilapia fry, with 10 g/kg identified as the most effective dose for enhancing resistance to environmental stress. This study also provides a practical contribution by recommending an optimal dose of natural feed additive for intensive aquaculture systems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dinda Shafira Anggriani, Dwi Tika Afriani, Emmy Syafitri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Phylogenetic Investigation of Megapodius cumingii from Kabetan, Central Sulawesi, Based on the RDP1 Gene
This study investigated the phylogenetic relationships of Megapodius cumingii using bioinformatic analyses. Blood samples were collected from the Kabetan Island population, followed by DNA extraction using the QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit, PCR amplification with Takara Ex Taq™ and RDP1.U1/RDP1.L1 primers, and sequencing with BigDye Terminator v3.1 ABI PRISM 3100. Chromatograms were converted into nucleotide sequences using BioEdit, and sequence similarity was assessed using NCBI BLAST. Multiple sequence alignment, model selection, nucleotide composition analysis, and phylogenetic reconstruction were performed in MEGA 12. The RDP1 gene of M. cumingii from Kabetan showed a consistent nucleotide composition with high GC content (55.27%) and high similarity to M. cumingii sequence KF834037.1, with substitutions dominated by transitions (A↔G, T↔C). Maximum likelihood analysis under the T92+G model (1.03) revealed three major clades, with clades 1 and 2 strongly supported (bootstrap = 100). The Kabetan population formed a monophyletic subclade with KF834037.1 (bootstrap = 86) and showed a very short branch length (~0.05 substitutions/site), indicating low intraspecific divergence, with Megapodius tenimberensis as the closest sister taxon. These findings support the utility of RDP1 for phylogenetic resolution within Megapodiidae and provide a preliminary basis for conservation planning and population connectivity assessment of M. cumingii in Wallacea.
Copyright (c) 2026 Akram, I Made Budiarsa, Yunita Messe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Orthogonal Stimulus Response Method Optimization of Essential Oil Combinations from Magnolia alba, Cryptocarya massoia, and Melaleuca alternifolia for Antioxidant and Anti-Cutibacterium acnes Activities
This study aimed to optimize a combination of white champaca oil (Magnolia alba), massoia bark oil (Cryptocarya massoia), and tea tree oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) as antibacterial and antioxidant agents using the Orthogonal Stimulus Response Method (OSRM) with a Taguchi L4 (2³) design. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the well diffusion method against C. acnes, while antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. The results demonstrated that all variations of the CMT oil combinations exhibited moderate antibacterial activity and strong antioxidant activity, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 50 to 100 µg/mL. Based on the Taguchi analysis, the optimal combination for antibacterial activity was obtained at concentrations of 6% champaca oil, 0.4% massoia oil, and 5% tea tree oil. Meanwhile, the most optimal and stable antioxidant activity was achieved with the combination at concentrations of 75:100:100 ppm. In both assays, champaca oil was identified as the most influential factor affecting the observed biological responses. These findings indicate that the CMT oil combination has promising potential as a multifunctional therapeutic candidate for cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications, particularly as a topical nanoemulsion face mist for the management of acne while simultaneously preventing skin damage caused by free radicals.
Copyright (c) 2026 Prida Ayudianti, Mayu Rahmayanti, Novia Maulina, Faisal Akhmal Muslikh, Aufary Naurah Aluzia, Fatimah Azzahra, Burhan Ma’arif https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Biocultural Potential of Multifunctional Flora in Urban Green Open Spaces: A Case Study of Tabebuya Park, South Jakarta
This study aimed to identify the composition of flora species in Tabebuya Park, analyze the biocultural potential of its flora, and explain its implications for strengthening the ecological, social, and cultural functions of urban green open spaces. The main issue underlying this study is the lack of integrated information on species composition and the biocultural use potential of flora in urban parks as a basis for urban green space management. The study employed an exploratory approach using the cruise method through direct inventory of all vegetation at the study site. Species identification was conducted based on morphological observations, visual documentation, and the use of an artificial intelligence (AI)-based plant identification application as a preliminary tool, which was subsequently verified using botanical literature and taxonomic references. Data were analyzed descriptively and quantitatively by calculating relative frequency and grouping plants according to ethnobotanical use categories derived from the literature. The results showed that Tabebuya Park contains 53 plant species from 34 families, with high multifunctional potential, including 42 medicinal species, 31 ornamental plants, 9 aromatic plants, 2 dye-producing plants, 21 food and beverage plants, 5 culinary spice plants, 20 cosmetic plants, and 10 plants used for rituals or customary practices. These findings confirm that Tabebuya Park functions not only as an aesthetic element of the urban landscape, but also as a biocultural green space that plays an important role in providing ecosystem services, supporting educational activities, and improving the quality of life of urban communities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kun Mardiwati Rahayu, Andikha Bima Prasetyo, Ribath Ridwanulloh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Analysis of Formaldehyde Content in Tofu Products as an Indicator of Food Safety in Pidie Regency
This study aimed to identify the presence of formaldehyde in white tofu circulating in Pidie Regency as an indicator of food safety. The research employed a descriptive design with an exploratory approach, using qualitative testing through two techniques: the use of red dragon fruit peel filtrate as a natural indicator in the initial stage and a rapid test kit as a confirmatory method. The samples consisted of 48 white tofu samples collected from 12 sub-districts, with each sub-district represented by four samples obtained from different producers. Sampling was conducted purposively by considering market activity level, number of vendors, and ease of site access. The samples were prepared through a homogenization process prior to testing. The presence of formaldehyde was determined based on color change, reaction time, and color intensity observed during the testing process. The results showed that 12 samples (25%) were positively detected as containing formaldehyde, while the remaining 36 samples (75%) tested negative. Positive samples were generally found in areas with relatively high distribution and trading activity. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that formaldehyde is still present in a proportion of white tofu sold in Pidie Regency. Therefore, enhanced monitoring and education for business actors are needed. In addition, red dragon fruit peel filtrate shows potential as a simple, economical, and environmentally friendly preliminary screening method.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zulfajriana, Arif Sardi, Diannita Harahap https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Hydrilla verticillata Density as a Bioindicator of Pollution in the Waters of Lake Talaga, Dampelas District
This study aimed to determine the density of Hydrilla verticillata in Lake Talaga and to evaluate its potential as a bioindicator of changes in water quality caused by domestic pollution. The study was conducted at three stations, where physicochemical parameters were measured, including temperature, pH, light intensity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, and the heavy metals Pb, Fe, and Cu. The results showed that water temperature ranged from 26 to 28°C and dissolved oxygen from 8.04 to 8.49 mg/L, indicating conditions that still support aquatic life. Heavy metal concentrations were below the established water quality standards. However, the pH was categorized as highly alkaline, and the highest turbidity was recorded at the station located near residential areas, suggesting environmental pressure associated with domestic activities. The density of Hydrilla verticillata varied among stations, reaching 607,333.3 ind/ha at Station II (high category), 180,000 ind/ha at Station I (moderate category), and 6,066 ind/ha at Station III (low category). The high density observed in the residential area indicates nutrient enrichment that may stimulate excessive growth of aquatic vegetation. This condition suggests symptoms of eutrophication and indicates that Lake Talaga is experiencing localized light to moderate pollution. Therefore, the density of Hydrilla verticillata has strong potential to be used as a bioindicator for assessing changes in water quality.
Copyright (c) 2026 Azizatul Khasanah, Astija, Amalia Buntu, Aan Febriawan, Mursito S. Bialangi, Vita Indri Febriani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Development of a Gastropod Diversity Booklet from Lagundri Beach, South Nias, as a Biology Learning Resource for Senior High School on the Topic of Biodiversity
This study aimed to identify the diversity of gastropods at Lagundri Beach, South Nias, and to develop and evaluate the feasibility, practicality, and effectiveness of a booklet as a biology learning resource for senior high school students on the topic of biodiversity. This research employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach using the 4D model (define, design, develop, disseminate). The research subjects consisted of five validators, two teachers, and 31 students. Data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively through validity, practicality, and effectiveness tests, with effectiveness assessed using normality, homogeneity, t-test, and N-gain analyses. The results showed that the gastropod diversity index was 3.31, which falls into the high category. The developed booklet was classified as highly feasible (average >88%), highly practical (≥91%), and moderately effective, with an N-gain value of 63.13%. The t-test indicated a significant difference between the experimental and control classes (t = 4.80; p < 0.05). Therefore, this booklet based on local potential is suitable for use as a supplementary learning resource to improve students’ conceptual understanding and biodiversity literacy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Diana Buulolo, Masdiana Sinambela, Hasruddin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of Eco-Enzyme Produced from Mixed Coffee Pulp and Pineapple Peel Waste
This study aimed to analyze the phytochemical content and antibacterial activity of eco-enzyme produced through the fermentation of a mixed substrate of coffee peels and pineapple peels. This study was a laboratory experiment with repeated observations, including a 2-month eco-enzyme fermentation process, assessment of color and aroma, pH measurement, phytochemical screening, and antibacterial testing against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli using the disc diffusion method. The results showed that the eco-enzyme was dark brown in color, had an acidic odor, and exhibited a pH ranging from 2.6 to 3.3. The detected phytochemical constituents included alkaloids, flavonoids, and tannins. Antibacterial testing demonstrated that the eco-enzyme derived from the mixture of coffee peels and pineapple peels exhibited activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, with all three samples classified as having weak inhibitory activity. The highest inhibition zone diameter against S. aureus was observed in sample P1, measuring 5.00 ± 0.26 mm, while the highest inhibition zone against E. coli was 5.43 ± 0.78 mm. These values were still substantially lower than those of the positive control (chloramphenicol), which produced inhibition zones of 17.73 ± 2.27 mm and 21.63 ± 0.95 mm, respectively. The bacterial growth inhibition may be attributed to the presence of organic acids in the eco-enzyme, which can reduce the internal cellular pH and disrupt metabolism, as well as to the action of bioactive compounds that may inhibit DNA replication, suppress enzymatic activity, or damage cell membrane permeability. These findings indicate that antibacterial activity was detectable, although still low, highlighting the need to optimize the formulation and fermentation conditions to enhance its antibacterial potential. Nevertheless, this study contributes to the early development of natural non-clinical antibacterial agents through fermentation-based bioconversion.
Copyright (c) 2026 Atika Lestari, Norman Yoshi Haryono, Aura Berlianny, Ratna Juwita https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Development of Animated Video-Based Educational Media on the Use of Traditional Medicinal Plants for Family Health
This study aimed to develop an animated video-based educational medium on the use of traditional medicinal plants for family health and to evaluate the product validity and initial user responses. The study employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach based on the Thiagarajan 4D development model. The research stages included define, design, develop, and limited disseminate. Product validity was assessed by four validators, consisting of two subject-matter experts and two media experts, while the user response test involved 72 respondents aged 18–50 years in Ternate City. Data were collected using validation questionnaires and user response questionnaires based on a Likert scale, and were then analyzed descriptively in percentage form. The results showed that the material validity reached 92% and the media validity reached 91%, both of which were categorized as very valid. User responses obtained an average score of 81.11%, indicating that the medium was positively received and feasible for use as a supporting educational tool. These findings indicate that the developed animated video met the criteria for content feasibility, language quality, visual presentation, and ease of use at the limited testing stage. Therefore, the developed medium can be used as a means of family health education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Magfirah Rasyid, Aswal Salewangeng, Yusmar Yusuf https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Growth Pattern and Reproductive Biology of the Mudskipper (Boleophthalmus boddarti) in the Maro River Area, Semangga District, Merauke Regency
This study aimed to analyze the growth and reproductive patterns of the mudskipper (Boleophthalmus boddarti) in the Maro River area, Semangga District, Merauke Regency. The study was conducted in the Maro River area, Semangga District, Merauke Regency, from August to October 2024. Sampling was carried out twice per month using a purposive sampling technique. Quantitative data analysis was applied to evaluate growth patterns and reproductive characteristics, including sex ratio and gonadal maturity stage (GMS), of the mudskipper (Boleophthalmus boddarti). The results showed that a total of 56 mudskippers were collected during the study, consisting of 20 males and 36 females. The growth pattern analysis yielded the equation W = 0.0018L3.5138 in Sidomulyo Village and W = 0.0015L3.5831 in Urumb Village, indicating a positive allometric growth pattern. In terms of reproduction, the sex ratio of the mudskipper population remained relatively balanced. Regarding gonadal maturity stage, males were found only at GMS I, whereas females were recorded at GMS I and GMS II.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nova Permaeta Hartanty, Sunarni, Dandi Saleky https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Enhancing the Growth of Water Spinach (Ipomoea reptans L.) through the Application of Chicken Bone Waste-Based Fertilizer in Ultisol Soil
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the dosage and application frequency of chicken bone meal on the growth of water spinach (Ipomoea reptans L.). The experiment employed a factorial design within a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of two factors, namely chicken bone meal dosage and application frequency. The observed parameters included plant height, number of leaves, and plant dry weight. The results showed that both the dosage and application frequency of chicken bone meal significantly affected the growth of water spinach. A dosage of 60 g produced the highest dry weight, reaching 20.76 g, compared with 6.10 g in the control treatment, while an application frequency of once per week resulted in better plant growth. The interaction effect indicated that the A3B1 combination produced the best growth performance, with dry weight reaching 24.97 g. Therefore, the application of chicken bone meal at an appropriate dosage and frequency can optimize the growth of water spinach.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahima Taher, Suwirmen, Zozy Aneloi Noli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Students’ Responses and Differences in Learning Motivation after Canva-Based Interactive Ecosystem Learning among Grade X Senior High School Students
This study aimed to examine students’ responses and compare their learning motivation in ecosystem learning after the implementation of Canva-based interactive learning media among tenth-grade senior high school students. The study employed a descriptive-comparative quantitative approach supported by qualitative data. The participants consisted of 60 Grade X students from three classes. All classes received ecosystem instruction using Canva-based interactive learning media. Data were collected through a learning motivation questionnaire, a student response questionnaire, classroom observations, and interviews. The quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), while the qualitative data were used to support the interpretation of the findings. The results showed that students generally responded positively to the use of Canva-based learning media. Students reported that Canva helped them understand ecosystem material more easily, increased their interest in learning, enhanced their enthusiasm in completing tasks, and improved classroom interaction. The statistical analysis also revealed a significant difference in students’ learning motivation among the three classes after the implementation of Canva-based learning media, with Class X-3 obtaining the highest mean score. These findings indicate that Canva-based interactive learning media have strong potential to support students’ learning motivation and create a more engaging and student-centered learning environment in ecosystem instruction. However, the extent of its impact may vary across classes depending on classroom conditions and the learning process.
Copyright (c) 2026 Tasya Aliviah, Risma Delima Harahap, Rosmidah Hasibuan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Effectiveness of Nanopriming Using Padina minor Nanoparticles on the Germination and Early Growth of Kopay Chili Pepper Seeds (Capsicum annuum L.)
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of nanopriming using Padina minor nanoparticles on the germination parameters and early seedling growth of Kopay chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seeds, as well as to assess the physiological responses and enzyme activities associated with nanopriming treatment. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments: no priming, hydropriming, and nanopriming at concentrations of 100, 150, and 200 ppm, each with five replications. The observed parameters included time to germination emergence, germination potential, vigor index, root length, shoot length, and the activities of amylase and catalase enzymes. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at the 5% significance level, followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that nanopriming significantly accelerated germination emergence and increased root length, with the best response observed at 100 ppm. However, the treatment did not have a significant effect on germination potential, vigor index, shoot length, or the activities of amylase and catalase during the early germination phase. Thus, Padina minor nanopriming contributes to the improvement of specific early growth parameters, particularly those related to germination speed and root development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Winny Rabbial Firsti Aswendri, Suwirmen, Zozy Aneloi Noli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Molecular Docking Analysis of Soft Coral (Rhytisma sp.) Derived Compounds as EGFR Inhibitors in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a crucial target in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) due to its significant role in tumor cell proliferation and survival. This study investigates the potential of marine-derived compounds from soft coral (Rhytisma sp.) as EGFR inhibitors through molecular docking and pharmacokinetic predictions. Eight compounds identified via GC-MS were docked against the EGFR tyrosine kinase domain (PDB ID: 2ITY) using AutoDock Vina, with Gefitinib serving as the reference drug. The top-performing compounds exhibited binding affinities ranging from –7.0 to –7.4 kcal/mol, closely aligning with Gefitinib's affinity of –7.6 kcal/mol. Notably, 4,12,12-trimethyl-9-methylidene-5-oxatricyclo[8.2.0.0⁴,⁶]dodecane demonstrated the strongest interactions, involving critical residues such as MET793 and LYS745. Pharmacokinetic profiling conducted with SwissADME and pkCSM confirmed favorable drug-likeness and high absorption potential. Toxicity analysis using ProTox-3.0 indicated low toxicity (Class IV) and no predicted hepatotoxicity, carcinogenicity, or mutagenicity. These findings suggest that phytocompounds derived from Rhytisma sp., particularly terpenoid-based structures, present a promising scaffold for the development of EGFR-targeted anticancer drugs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rozikin, Tri Wahyu Setyaningrum, Widie Kemala Hapsari, Ozie Akbar Pratama, Gravinda Widyaswara, Mursal Ghazali, Novita Tri Artiningrum https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
DHF Prevention Efforts in Sumbersari Jember: Assessment of Aedes aegypti Resistance Status to Deltamethrin
This study aims to determine the resistance status of Ae. aegypti to the deltametrin insecticide in Sumbersari Jember Village. A total of 100 2nd generation female Ae. aegypti were tested using the CDC bottle bioassay with a deltamethrin dose of 10 μg/ml and a diagnostic time of 30 minutes. Molecular detection using AS-PCR was also performed to detect kdr mutations at position 1016 of the VGSC gene. Mortality data was calculated using Ms.Excel with a confidence level of 95%. The molecular wight of the PCR product is calculated using a gel analyzer application. The results of the CDC bottle bioassay show that the Ae aegypti population is still tolerant to the insecticide deltamethrin (91,25% in mortality rate). However, molecular analysis confirms the presence of a mutation at position 1016 of the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene (homozygous mutation), which is known to be the primary target of pyrethroid insecticides. These findings indicate that although phenotypic resistance has not yet fully developed, the mosquito population has shown early indications of target-site insensitivity to deltamethrin, which has the potential to develop into resistance under sustained selection pressure. Further use of deltamethrin insecticide may potentially increase phenotypic resistance, namely a decrease in mosquito mortality after exposure to deltamethrin insecticide. Therefore, an integrated vector control strategy and routine monitoring of mosquito resistance status in the region are required.
Copyright (c) 2026 Reni Puspitasari, Hidayatur Rohmah, Husnatun Nihayah, Purwatiningsih, Eva Tyas Utami, Susantin Fajariyah, Asmoro Lelono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Development of a Rare Flora and Fauna Booklet on the Toba Caldera to Enhance the Knowledge Dimension of Ecoliteracy among Senior High School Students
This study aimed to examine the feasibility and effectiveness of a booklet on the rare flora and fauna of the Toba Caldera as instructional material for biodiversity topics. The study employed a Research and Development (R&D) approach using the 4D model, which consists of the Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate stages. The feasibility of the booklet was assessed based on expert validation, teacher responses, and student responses, while its effectiveness was evaluated using the Mann–Whitney test and N-Gain analysis. The feasibility results indicated that the booklet was categorized as very good based on expert validation. Teacher responses were also rated very good, with a score of 96.25%, and student responses in each trial likewise fell within the very good category. The effectiveness test conducted on students at SMAN 1 Lumban Julu showed an N-Gain value of 0.68, which was categorized as moderate. The Mann–Whitney test indicated a significant difference in ecological literacy knowledge between the experimental and control classes on the posttest, with a probability value of 0.00 < 0.05. In addition, students’ biodiversity ecoliteracy knowledge reached 86.64%, which was classified as high. Therefore, the developed booklet is effective in improving students’ ecological literacy knowledge and is feasible for use as a supplementary teaching material in biodiversity learning by utilizing local potential as a learning resource.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yusnidar Sihombing, Binari Manurung, Ashar Hasairin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Biodiversity of Amarumatena Tourism Hamlet: Potential for Local Wisdom-Based Educational Tourism on Ambon Island
This study aims to identify the diversity of flora and fauna and to analyze their potential use as educational tourism attractions based on local wisdom that support conservation and environmental education. The study employed a mixed-methods approach with an exploratory-descriptive design. Biodiversity data were obtained through vegetation inventories and fauna observations, while social data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The results showed that Amarumatena Tourism Hamlet possesses high biodiversity, consisting of 51 species of family medicinal plants (Tanaman Obat Keluarga [TOGA]), 27 ornamental plant species, 14 multipurpose tree species (MPTS), and 10 food crop species, as well as fauna belonging to the bird, herpetofauna, and invertebrate groups. This biodiversity functions not only as a visual attraction but also as an educational medium for ethnobotany, conservation, and local food security. The integration of biodiversity with local wisdom practices, such as the dusung system and sago processing, indicates that this landscape serves as a community-based ecological learning space. Theoretically, this study contributes to enriching the concept of educational tourism by integrating biodiversity and local wisdom within the context of traditional agroforestry. Practically, it offers a conceptual framework for the development of dusung-based educational tourism that can be applied in island regions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Merlin Renny Sitanala, Yosevita Latupapua, Ronny Loppies https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Gender Equity in Ethnoscience Learning: Evidence from Preservice Teachers’ Perceptions
This study examines gender-based differences in preservice biology teachers’ perceptions of ethnoscience-based learning, with particular attention to its potential to support equitable learning experiences. Grounded in the perspective of culturally responsive pedagogy, ethnoscience-based learning is assumed to foster inclusivity by integrating local knowledge into science instruction. This study employed a quantitative explanatory design with a cross-sectional approach, involving 28 participants selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using a validated Likert-scale questionnaire measuring perceived learning quality, suitability to students’ ability levels, and learning motivation. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and an independent-samples t-test. The results indicate that ethnoscience-based learning was generally perceived positively, with a moderate-to-high overall mean score (M = 2.98 on a 4-point scale). Male (M = 3.13) and female (M = 2.91) participants reported similarly favorable perceptions. However, the independent-samples t-test revealed no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.116 > 0.05). These findings suggest that perceptions of ethnoscience-based learning tend to be consistent across gender groups, although such results should be interpreted cautiously given the limited sample size. From a gender perspective, the absence of significant differences in perception indicates a comparable level of perceived learning experience among male and female students, rather than confirming the full realization of gender equity. The findings highlight the potential of ethnoscience-based learning as an inclusive instructional approach, while also emphasizing the need for further investigation using broader samples and more comprehensive indicators of equity, such as participation, access, and learning outcomes. This study contributes to the growing discourse on culturally responsive and gender-sensitive practices in science teacher education
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Imran, Siti Rahma Yunus https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0